Selected Publications

Arias, M. C., D. Silvestre, F. O. Francisco, R. Weinlich and W. S. Sheppard.  2008.  An oligonucleotide primer set for PCR amplification of the complete honey bee mitochondrial genome.  Apidologie 39 : 475-480.

Strange, J.P., L.Garnery, and W.Sheppard. 2008. Morphological and molecular characterization of the Landes honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) ecotype for genetic conservation.  J. Insect Conservation.  12: 527-537.

Ken, T, M.A., Meixner, S. Fuchs, Z. Xuan, H. Shaoyu, I. Kandemir, W. S. Sheppard, and N. Koeniger.  2007.  Geographic distribution of the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) across ecological zones in China: morphological and molecular analyses.  Systematics and Biodiversity.  5: 1-10. 

Miguel, I., L. Garnery, M. Iriondo, L. Garnery, W. S. Sheppard and A. Estonba.  2007. Gene flow within the M evolutionary linage of Apis mellifera of the pyranees, isolation by distance and the post-glacial re-colonization routes in Western Europe.  2007.   Apidologie.  38: 141-155.

Strange, J.P, L, Garnery and W.S. Sheppard.  2007.  Persistence of the Les Landes ecotype of Apis mellifera.  mellifera in southwest France: confirmation of a locally adaptive annual brood cycle.  Apidologie. 38:259-267.

Arias, M.C, T. E. Rinderer and W. S. Sheppard.  2006.  Further characterization of honey bees from the Iberian Peninsula by allozyme, morphometric and mtDNA haplotype analyses.  Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World.  45:188-196.

Kandemir, I., M. Kence, W. S. Sheppard, and A. Kence.  2006.  Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey.  Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World.  45: 33-38.

Kandemir, I., M. D. Meixner, A. Ozkan, W.S. Sheppard.  2006.  Genetic characterization of honey bee (Apis mellifera cypria) populations in northern Cyprus. Apidologie. 37:547-555.

Kandemir I, Pinto AM, Meixner MD, Sheppard WS.  2006.  HinF-I digestion of Cytochrome Oxidase I region is a diagnostic test for A. m. lamarckii only?  Genetics and Molecular Biology  29: 747-749.

Pinto, M.A., W.S. Sheppard, J.S. Johnson, W.L. Rubink, R.N. Coulson, N.M Schiff, I. Kandemir, J.C. Patton.  Evidence that honey bee (Hymenoptera:Apidae) mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of sub-Saharan origin occurred in non-Africanized areas of the southern United States.  In Press - Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.

Whitfield, C.W, S.K. Behura, S.H. Berlocher, A.G. Clark, J.S. Johnson, W.S. Sheppard, D.R. Smith, A.V. Suarez, D. Weaver and N. D. Tsutsui.  2006.  Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and resent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.  Science.  314:642-645.

Arias, M,C. and W. S. Sheppard.  2005.  Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data.  Molec. Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:25-35

Johnson, D. G., B. C. Carstens, W. S. Sheppard, and R. S. Zack.  2005.  Phylogeny of leafhopper subgenus Errhomus (Erronus) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) based on mitochondrial DNA Sequences.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 98: 165-172.

Costa, M., M. A. Del Lama, G.A.R. Melo, and W.S. Sheppard.  2003.  Molecular phylogeny of the stingless bees (Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini) inferred from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences.  Apidologie.  34: 73-84.

Diniz, N. M., A. E. E. Soares, and W. S. Sheppard.  2003.  Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay.  Genet. Mol. Biol., 26: 47-52.

Kamel, S., J P. Strange and W.S. Sheppard.  2003.  A scientific note on hygienic behavior in Apis mellifera lamarckii and Egyptian A. m. carnica in Egypt.  Apidologie.  34: 189-190.

Pinto, M. A., J. S. Johnson, W. L. Rubink, R. C. Coulson, J. C. Patton and W. S. Sheppard.  2003.  Identification of Africanized honey bee (Hymenoptera:Apidae) mitochondrial DNA: Validation of a rapid polymerase chain reaction-based assay.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.  96:679-684.

Sheppard, W.S. and M. D. Meixner.  2003.  Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee from the Tien Shan Mountains of Central Asia.  Apidologie  34:367-375.

Silva, J. G., M. D. Meixner, B. A. McPheron, G. J. Steck and W. S. Sheppard.  2003.  Recent Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) infestations in Florida – A genetic perspective.  J. Econ. Entomol.  96: 1711-1718.

Meixner, M.D., B.A. McPheron, J.G. Silva, G.E. Gasparich and W.S. Sheppard.  2002.  The Mediterranean fruit fly in California: evidence for multiple introductions and persistent populations based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variability.  Molec. Ecol. 11:891-899.

Sheppard, W.S. 2002. Diversity of Africanized honey bees in the United States and the utility of mitochondrial DNA origins. In Africanized honey bees and bee mites II. ed. by E. Erickson. Westview Press pp 60-64.

Sheppard W.S. and T.R. Unruh.  2001.  In search of a better bee.  Goodfruit grower  52: 24-        26.

Sheppard, W.S, A. Shoukry and  S. Kamel.  2001.  Apis mellifera lamarckii: the honey bee of ancient Egypt in modern times.  Amer. Bee J., 141: 260-263.

Sheppard, W.S and  S. Kamel.  2001.  Apis mellifera lamarckii: the honey bee of ancient Egypt in modern times.  Amer. Bee J.  141:260-263

Strange, J.P., and W.S. Sheppard.  2001.  Treatment thresholds and timing for thecontrol of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies in Washington State. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:1324-1333.

Collins, A.M., W.S. Sheppard, W.S. and H. Shimanuki. 2000. A scientific note on the identification of honey bee semen using a mitochondrial DNA marker. Apidologie 31:595-596

Loper, G.R., J. Fewell, E. Erickson, W.S. Sheppard. 2000. Impact of mites on, and the introgression of Africanized bees into a feral population of honey bees. Hoopingarner Roger and Conner, Lawrence J. (editors) Cheshire: Wicwas Press, UC pp. 47-51.

Meixner, M. D., M. C. Arias, W. S. Sheppard. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in honey bee subspecies from Kenya. Apidologie. 31: 181-190.

Sheppard, W.S. and D.R. Smith. 2000. Identification of African-derived honey bees in the Americas: A survey of methods. Ann Entomol. Soc. Amer. 93: 159-176.

Sheppard, W.S., T.E. Rinderer, L. Garnery and H. Shimanuki. 1999. Further analysis of Africanized honey bee mitochondrial DNA reveals diversity of origin. Genet. and Mol. Biol. 22:73-75.

DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., J.C. Watkins, A. C. Collins, G. M. Loper, J. H. Martin, M. C. Arias and W. S. Sheppard. 1998. Queen developmental time as a factor in the Africanization of European honey bee populations (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 91: 52-58.

Sinacori, A., T.E. Rinderer, V. Lancaster and W.S. Sheppard. 1998 A morphological and mitochondrial assessment of Apis mellifera sicula from Palermo, Italy. Apidologie 29:481-492

Gasparich, G.E., J.G. Silva, H. Y. Han, B.A. McPheron, G.J. Steck and W.S.Sheppard. 1997. Population genetic structure of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) and implications for worldwide colonization patterns. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 90:790-797.

Sheppard, W.S., M.C. Arias, M.D. Meixner and A. Grech. 1997. Apis mellifera ruttneri, a
new honey bee subspecies from Malta. Apidologie 28:287-293.

Sheppard, W. S. Subspecies of Apis mellifera. 1997. in Honey Bee Pests, Predators and Diseases, ed. R. Morse, 3rd edition, Cornell Univ. Press,

Arias, M.C. and W.S. Sheppard. 1996. Molecular phylogenetics of honey bee subspecies (Apis mellifera L.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 5: 557-566.

Arias, M.C., S. Tingek, A. Kelitu and W.S. Sheppard. 1996. Apis nuluensis (Tingek, Koeniger and Koeniger 1996) and its genetic relationships with sympatric species inferred from DNA sequences. Apidologie 27:415-422.

Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Schroder, R.F.W., Roderick, G.K. and W.S. Sheppard. 1996. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biochem. Genet. 34:253-268

Schiff, N.M. and W.S. Sheppard. 1996. Genetic differentiation in the queen breeding population of the western United States. Apidologie 27:77-86.

Schiff, N.M. and W.S. Sheppard. 1995. Genetic analysis of commercial honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from the southern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1216-1220.

Schiff, N.M., Sheppard, W.S., Loper, G.R., and H. Shimanuki. 1994. Genetic diversity of feral honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations in the Southern United States. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 87:842-848.